Simple Lies that manage our social interactions. Dworkin's two models are extremes in their own right with regard to individual rights; the first model puts balancing individual rights against other social goals.
The second model holds that one should err on the side of individual rights instead of balancing them among a whole society. These two models do not encompass a middle ground of a liberal democracy such as the U. The "two models" approach is especially relevant in light of the new threats to national security posed by terrorism and the acceptable ways of not only preventing terror but also of treating the accused in these situations.
The dispute over the civil liberties that are available to the…. Works Cited Rosseau, J. Penguin Classics, Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by J. Prometheus, Belknap Press, Utilitarianism The author of this report is to offer a fairly extensive essay about three general questions relating to utilitarianism. The first question pertains to John awls and his deconstructions of utilitarianism and what came to be known as "the analogy.
Last up will be Bernard Williams. Like awls, he generally viewed utilitarianism poorly and offers specific examples and explanations of why he did not agree with the subject. For all three questions, there will be a critique or criticism of the overall argument. While cases can be made for both utilitarianism and its opposite, there are some rather gaping holes in the logic that justifies utilitarianism and how it works.
Questions Answered Of all of the ethical and moral philosophers out there, awls is certainly one of the more notorious…. References Rawls, J. A theory of justice. Famine, Affluence, and Morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1 1.
Smart, J. Utilitarianism; for and against. Cambridge [England:. In order to gain a more complex understanding of Novick's idea of liberty one would actually have to consider the difference principle and the effects it would have on groups of people who managed to differentiate themselves from the masses by becoming productive and by directing their attention toward making profits without hurting anyone or acting in disagreement with rights generally accepted by the social order.
Rawls virtually acts in discordance with all that Novick's stands for, as the latter considers freedom as being one of the most important concepts that society has access to. Novick would certainly be reluctant to accept living in a society where people accept the difference principle and guide themselves in accordance to it. The philosopher's book "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" is practically meant to condemn individuals like Rawls as a result of their ignorance of ideas that are very obvious.
It is likely that…. It would strive to minimize the pay and quality-of-life differential between the wealthiest individuals and the poorest, although it would permit whatever differential justified by the greater good served by certain professional commitments and responsibilities.
Rawls' ideas if incorporated into society would not compel any person to contribute to the greater good any more than he or she desired; they would simply impose mechanisms for distributing resources and potential rewards in the most socially beneficial and equitable manner. Industries that produce socially beneficial products and services that contribute to the greater good would be permitted to profit more from those endeavors than superfluous industries; physicians would be entitled to sufficient compensation and benefits to ensure against any shortage of physicians in society; and police officers and firefighters would earn more than professional athletes, although closer to several times the average wage in society instead of the equivalent of hundreds or….
Certainly this is so when it is a matter of social utility in what one may call its ordinary sense: that is, when it is a question of the efficient design of social institutions for the use of common means to achieve common ends" Rawls, p Rawls' ideas would seem to comport perfectly with the essential purpose of public administration services.
In principle, the entire structure of modern administrative services in society is precisely to improve society and contribute to the public good much more efficiently and effectively than individual citizens could ever hope to, even in a collaborative effort. Granted, to a certain extent, Rawls' ideas could be seen as excessively constraining individual initiative and creativity; however, in the realm of public administration of social services and justice, they would greatly increase the quality of life and contribute to the greater good.
Instead of the poorly motivated, apathetic attitudes frequently associated with civil service employment, Rawls' ideas would reward civil servants sufficiently to guarantee much greater commitment to their responsibilities.
Generally, modern public administration and civil service exemplify the very concepts emphasized by Rawls except that the pay differential between civil servants and employment in many areas of the private sector greatly detract from the communal spirit and cooperation that Rawls hoped to promote through his ideas.
Ultimately, while some of the specific mechanisms suggested by Rawls' ideas may be impractical to impose on a free society, their general purpose is likely achievable to some degree simply by increasing awareness of some of the conceptual arguments. Justice in Society According to awls and Hampshire This is paper contrasting the political philosophies of awls and Hampshire according o their views in 'Political liberalism' the Law of Peoples' and 'Justice as Conflict'. Very few alternatives to the prevalent utilitarianism, dominant in most of the Western world, have emerged and made any significant impact.
The theories of John awls however have made an important contribution to political philosophy and if not unanimously agreed upon they nevertheless have led to a revival in the academic study of political philosophy. His work has provoked debate amongst economists, legal scholars, political scientists, sociologists, and theologians alike. His Theory of Justice and subsequent additions and modifications to this hypothesis in the form of 'Political liberalism' and 'The Law of Peoples' is a comprehensive and detailed proposal that evolved over decades.
The 'Justice as Conflict' theory put forward by another…. References Hampshire, Stuart. Martin, Rex. To this end, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning how rights relate to Nozick's entitlement theory of just distribution and how Nozick uses the Wilt Chamberlain example to argue for his preferred view. In addition, a discussion concerning the question of society and natural rights by considering awls' focus on the original position and fairness is followed by an analysis of the applicability of awl's "veil of ignorance" to decision making.
Finally, an examination of the possible implications of these two different approaches to justice and economic distribution for a real-world water case study is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.
References Aalberg, T. Achieving justice: Comparative public opinion on income distribution. Boston: Brill. Hill, T. Respect, pluralism, and justice: Kantian perspectives. Oxford: Oxford Johnson, R. Nozick and the entitlement theory. University of Missouri. This theory is hinged on three principles: transfer principle, acquisition principle, and rectification principle.
The first principle holds the argument that all holdings or properties freely acquired from others are considered justly acquired. Lastly, an "injustice" committed can be rectified by giving the property back to its rightful owner i. John Rawls' theory of distributive justice contains within its argument the principles of liberty and difference. In his theory, Rawls argues that the principles of justice determine how the…. Social Philosophy Concluding in Political moderation, in "A Theory of Justice," and in later works, John awls explains a comprehensive, as well as influential theory, which is on the subject of, presenting a theory of justice in concurrence with the liberal-democratic passion that relates to the rights and freedoms of individuals in society.
It entails that the rights of the individuals ought to be moderated by various types of clauses, making certain that no social or natural eventualities are overlooked. The theory declares that no inborn benefits of political authority, substance riches or natural capability should irreversibly or overpoweringly establish life chances.
Furthermore, more distinctively, these morally subjective issues should not establish the value of political liberties to moral persons 1. In , awls's explains his first articulation of his theory of justice which highlights on individual abilities that he entitles the "Original Position" and in addition, a model of….
References 1. Macedo, Stephen. April Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Carter, Stephen. Evolutionism and Treating Religion as a Hobby. Duke Law Journal. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Kenneth Baynes. Suny Press. Rawls sets out to propose a new theory, which he does by formulating two principles and "to show that the two principles of justice provide a better understanding of the claims of freedom and equality in a democratic society than the first principles associated with the traditional doctrines of utilitarianism, with perfectionism, or with institutionalism" Rawls, Political Liberalism Nozick suggests an entitlement theory of justice that might seem to reflect the categorical imperative but which actually counters Kant's theory of property.
John Rawls offered a revision of Kantian theory so it could be used as a grounding in ethical theory. Nozick also shows a strong commitment to prepolitical individual rights. He also recognizes that there are forces, including past injustices, which shape our holdings in society in various ways, raising the question of what ought to be done to rectify these injustices: The general outlines of the theory of…. Works Cited Nozick, Robert. Olen Jeffrey and Vincent Barry.
Applying Ethics. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing, New York: Columbia University Press, This second sense of economic justice for the poor is not found in Cicero, and is expanded upon in Martha Nussbaum's philosophy of the state's role in expanding upon human capabilities, or the capabilities for maximizing one's individual potential. Rawls' most unique contribution to modern thought is assumed to be his concept of what he calls the veil of ignorance, or the fact that decisions about justice should be calculated by a perfectly objective person, who has no idea whom he or she is affecting when he or she is making decisions about justice in terms of the person's identity, sex, race, and the expansion of economic opportunities.
Rationally, all people wish to advance their own interests, but if they no longer know the identity of whom they are advancing, they will act in a perfectly just fashion, including at times redistributing some wealth in the name of expanding opportunities…. Works Cited Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Edited by Lee A. New York: St. Martin's Press, Nussbaum, Martha C. In times of trouble, such as when burglars or other criminals attack, one could call the police for help.
Those covered by the contract need neither to fear such unjust attacks nor to take the law into their own hands.
The weak need not fear the strong. The deal for those covered by the social contract is that they join individual forces and resources with others who also want peace and equality, so that their own goods may not be taken from them unjustly, either. And because there are more people who want their goods and other rights protected than those who want a free-for-all all the time, there would be more people who would join….
Bibliography Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Lonang Library: Lonang Institute. Cambridge: Bellknap Press Taylor, Bobby.
Rosseau's "Social Contract:" a Critical Response. Jean Jacques Rosseau. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Society The first items addressed in this particular just society are the principles of liberty that shall apply to each individual as well as to the overall society. The first principle of liberty will be the right to an unlimited freedom of speech that will pertain to each and every person.
This right will be sacrosanct and will be defended and upheld by all. Assuming that each individual will act in a just manner, this right should permeate throughout society and should be the one right that is held true and steadfast by all. The second principle of liberty for the proposed just society is the freedom to choose whatever path the individual wishes to travel, as long as that path does not negatively impact others who have chosen different directions.
The right to make decisions bears with it the right of responsibility for those decisions. If the individual makes…. It has been shown that the acquisition of talent not an area specific to each individual position at top companies.
The highest-performing companies build pools of talent from which they can draw as needed Michaels et al. Thus, there will inevitably be talented people who are at times underutilized. Their higher-order needs are not being met and thus they must be generously compensated.
Otherwise, when the time comes to move someone from the organization to a fulfilling, higher-order executive position, the talent will not be there. CEO pay proponents also point out that the bulk of the "excessive" executive compensation comes in the form of stock or options. These instruments were brought into executive compensation packages specifically to align the interests of management with those of the shareholders.
It was the shareholders and the boards of directors who initiated this, as a means to protect shareholder wealth. There have…. Works Cited: Taub, Stephen. Political action in representative republics has been defined over the course of the last several hundred years by the interpretation of classical and enlightenment principles. Among them are liberty, equality, and justice. These principles, deemed "humanistic" in that they recognize inalienable human rights, are deistic in origin, although their implementation has also relied on contractarian and consequentialist rhetoric.
Distributive Justice is the belief that it is within the government's purvue to manage the wealth of society, and redistribute it when moral and necessary so that everyone in the society may enjoy the benefit of equal opportunity. This system has been widely implemented, and one is lead to ask if it is effective. This philosophy is the brainchild of Harvard Professor John Rawls and has received praise and criticism for its treatment of government, civil society, and human rights.
Rawls' ideas are predicated on two normative standards, which he refers to…. All organizations and business have some form of ethical culture to carry out their goals, which cannot be inconsistent with the aims of utilitarianism. All organizations aim at the pleasure of achieving or creating something. This line of thought can be strictly infused into the awareness of employees during meetings or seminars.
The goals of the theory may also be infused into new employees as part of their orientation. Existing employees may be promoted on the basis of their best contribution to organizational goals and the welfare of fellow employees.
These are measurable criteria and a source of motivation to other employees. The utilitarian theory necessarily states that it is an employee's duty to perform and behave in the best possible way to benefit the business, fellow employees, society and himself or herself. Consequently, he or she has the right to expect the same benefits from the organization, fellow employees,….
Utilitarianism in the workplace. Distributive justice. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Stanford University. A brief overview of…. Bibliography Sohng, S. A brief overview of contemporary theories of social justice.
Justice lecture notes October 04, pp. Justice and Equity, in L. Westmoreland Eds , Equality: Selected Readings pp. Reisch, M. Defining social justice in a socially unjust world. Isbister, J. Capitalism and justice, Chapter 1 and 2 pp.
Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. Under these circumstances, an ethical dilemma is born. Should society control its development or leave it to chance? And in the case that it should control it, which categories should it help? If the person in the above mentioned example is helped, we could assume that in a certain way, the person who was not helped because he or she already disposed of the necessary means, the latter one might be considered as having been subject to reverse discrimination.
Yet we ought to look at the picture from an utilitarian point-of-view. Under these circumstances we might state that society as an overall system has more benefits from helping the categories which are in bigger need of help for example the ones mentioned in the principles of affirmative action.
Title VI, section…. Plato on Justice he Greek word which Plato uses to mean "justice" -- dike or dikaios -- is also synonymous with law and can also mean "the just"; as Allan Bloom notes, Plato uses a more specific term -- dikaiosyne -- in the Republic, which means something more like "justice, the virtue" p. Gregory Vlastos goes even further to note that, with Plato's very vocabulary for these concepts of justice, "the sense is so much broader: they could be used to cover all which is morally right" p.
Slippage of terminology seems to be looming…. That even those who practice it do so unwillingly, from an incapacity to do injustice, we would best perceive if we should in thought do something like this: give each, the just man and the unjust, license to do whatever he wants, while we follow and watch where his desire will lead each.
We would catch the just man red-handed going the same way as the unjust man out of a desire to get the better; this is what any nature naturally pursues as good, while it is law which by force perverts it to honor equality. The license of which I speak would best be realized if they should come into possession of the sort of power that it is said the ancestor of Gyges, the Lydian, once got. They say he was a shepherd toiling in the service of the man who was then ruling Lydia.
There came to pass a great thunderstorm and an earthquake; the earth cracked and a chasm opened at the place where he was pasturing. He saw it, wondered at it, and went down. He saw, along with other quite wonderful things about which they tell tales, a hollow bronze horse. It had windows; peeping in, he saw there was a corpse inside that looked larger than human size.
It had nothing on except a gold ring on its hand; he slipped it off and went out. Of course, Glaucon goes on to narrate the horrible things that this lucky shepherd went on to do -- including copulating with the queen, then committing regicide to usurp the throne as a post-coital divertissement -- but Glaucon is interested in pursuing the difference between the just and the unjust man, if both had access to such a magical ring: Now if there were two such rings, and the just man would put one on, and the unjust man the other, no one, as it would seem, would be so adamant as to stick by justice and bring himself to keep away from what belongs to others and not lay hold of it, although he had license to take what he wanted from the market without fear, and to go into houses and have intercourse with whomever he wanted, and to slay or release from bonds whomever he wanted, and to do other things as an equal to a god among humans.
And in so doing, one would. He is, however, mainly famous for his book 'a Theory of Justice' where he attempts to define social justice. The work has tremendously impacted contemporary political views. The utilitarian claim maintains that societies ought to follow the greatest good for the greatest number. This claim has several issues, such that it appears to be coherent with the belief of the domination of majorities over the minorities.
The intuitionist claim maintains that human beings feel what is actually right or wrong through some natural moral sense. This is…. References Gray, J. Three Theories of Justice. Retrieved March 10, , from eNotes. Act and Rule Utilitarianism. He believes that social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit to the least advantaged and that offices and positions of authority be open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity Piccard.
Rawls contends that in order for distributive justice to work social and economic process must exist under suitable political and economic institutions. He calls for the establishment of four background institutions or branches, in the government to ensure equity of justice. The allocation branch ensures that the pricing system is competitive and that no individual or corporation forms unreasonable market power.
The stabilization branch endeavors to bring about reasonably full employment opportunities for those that want to work. The transfer branch guarantees a certain level of well-being. Finally, the distribution branch strives to preserve an approximate justice in distributive shares by means of taxation and the necessary adjustments…. Works Cited James, Louis.
Source LP News. Loo, Dennis. Piccard, Dick. Amartya Sen, a noted scholar in the world of philosophical discussions and interpretations, is presenting counter arguments to John Rawls' approach to a theory of justice.
In the process, Sen is also trying to cement his own approach to a theory of justice. He argues that asking, "hat is a just society? The philosopher thus opens the door to a discussion of what should bright, thinking people expect and desire from a theory of justice, which is likely what Sen intended, beyond tooting his own philosophical horn.
Sen begins his article by referencing what he finds difficult to accept within iconic philosopher Rawls' view of justice. The nuts and bolts of what Sen is arguing comes down to his departure from Rawls' theory of justice, not only the "substantive contend of the Rawlsian theory of….
Works Cited Sen, A. The Journal of Philosophy, 5 ,. I'm looking for the Color Line. By today's standard, minority entails many different things such as classifying by nationality, race, religious preference, physical disability, gender or sexual preference. Throughout history, there have been many great leaders who came from their respective minority groups. Condition: Fair. Independent family-run bookstore for over 50 years!
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