Ben Bolker Ben Bolker k 23 23 gold badges silver badges bronze badges. I'm not sure if this is the best way, but I found the following method to work based in part on the answers above : 1 Download the package. Hope it's helpful! Make sure the R and Rtools paths are added in the environment varialble. Open a command prompt. I am not quite sure i get number 3. How would I add the Rtools path in the environment variable?
To install a package from a. The Overflow Blog. Podcast Making Agile work for data science. Stack Gives Back Featured on Meta. New post summary designs on greatest hits now, everywhere else eventually. Visit chat. Unfortunately, if those files are not available, Acrobat Reader will substitute completely incorrect glyphs so you need to examine the logs carefully.
Further options, e. For example, if you prefer to hyperlink the text and not the page number in the table of contents use. Ebook versions of most of the manuals in one or both of. This requires ebook-convert from Calibre , or from most Linux distributions. A parallel make can be used but run make before make install.
Those using GNU make 4. This is known as the R home directory. The prefix of the installation directories can be seen in the status message that is displayed at the end of configure.
The installation may need to be done by the owner of prefix , often a root account. There is the option of using make install-strip see Debugging Symbols. More precise control is available at configure time via options: see configure --help for details. Configure options --bindir and --mandir are supported and govern where a copy of the R script and the man page are installed.
Each of bindir , mandir and libdir can also be specified on the make install command line at least for GNU make.
The configure or make variables rdocdir and rsharedir can be used to install the system-independent doc and share directories to somewhere other than libdir.
Note that installing R into a directory whose path contains spaces is not supported, and some aspects such as installing source packages will not work. Once again, it is optional to specify prefix , libdir or rhome the PDF manuals are installed under the R home directory. More precise control is possible. The PDF files are installed into the R doc tree, set by the make variable rdocdir. A staged installation is possible, that it is installing R into a temporary directory in order to move the installed tree to its final destination.
This will also uninstall any installed manuals. Target uninstall-tests will uninstall any installed tests, as well as removing the directory tests containing the test results.
Some platforms can support closely related builds of R which can share all but the executables and dynamic objects. Examples include builds under Linux for different CPU s or and bit builds.
Here name can be anything non-empty, and is used to name subdirectories of lib , etc , include and the package libs subdirectories. If you have installed multiple builds you can select which build to run by.
In such cases you can install for extra builds by. When sub-architectures are used the version of Rscript in e. Normally all installed architectures will run on the platform so the architecture of Rscript itself does not matter.
For some Linux distributions 10 , there is an alternative mechanism for mixing bit and bit libraries known as multilib.
If the Linux distribution supports multilib, then parallel builds of R may be installed in the sub-directories lib bit and lib64 bit.
The build to be run may then be selected using the setarch command. For example, a bit build may be run by. The setarch command is only operational if both bit and bit builds are installed.
If there is only one installation of R, then this will always be run regardless of the architecture specified by the setarch command. There can be problems with installing packages on the non-native architecture. It is a good idea to run e. If you know where a bit Java is installed you may be able to run as root.
When this mechanism is used, the version of Rscript in e. Normally all installed architectures will run on the platform so the architecture of Rscript does not matter. There are many other installation options, most of which are listed by configure --help. Almost all of those not listed elsewhere in this manual are either standard autoconf options not relevant to R or intended for specialist uses by the R developers. One that may be useful when working on R itself is the option --disable-byte-compiled-packages , which ensures that the base and recommended packages are not byte-compiled.
This will be preferred where there are issues with the system implementation, usually involving times after or before On all tested OSes the system timezone was deduced correctly, but if necessary it can be set as the value of environment variable TZ.
Options --with-internal-iswxxxxx , --with-internal-towlower and --with-internal-wcwidth were introduced in R 4. These control the replacement of the system wide-character classification such as iswprint , case-changing wctrans and width wcwidth and wcswidth functions by ones contained in the R sources. Replacement of the classification functions has been done for many years on macOS and AIX and Windows : option --with-internal-iswxxxxx allows this to be suppressed on those platforms or used on others.
Replacing the case-changing functions was new in R 4. Replacement of the width functions has also been done for many years and remains the default. The width functions are of most importance in East Asian locale: their values differ between such locales.
Replacing the system functions provides a degree of plaform-independence including to OS updates but replaces it with a dependence on the R version. By default, configure adds a flag usually -g to the compilation flags for C, Fortran and CXX sources. Having debugging symbols available is useful both when running R under a debugger e.
How well this is supported depends on the platform: it works best on those using GNU binutils. On macOS debugging symbols are not by default included in. This can be overridden by specifying. Setting these to an empty value will disable OpenMP for that compiler and configuring with --disable-openmp will disable all detection 13 of OpenMP.
Note that overridden values are not tested. The inferred values can be overridden in file config. Currently accepted values are plus some synonyms. Prior to R 3. There is support for using link-time optimization LTO if the toolchain supports it: configure with flag --enable-lto. The main benefit seen to date from LTO has been detecting long-standing bugs in the ways packages pass arguments to compiled code and between compilation units.
Whether toolchains support LTO is often unclear: all of the C compiler, the Fortran compiler 17 and linker have to support it, and support it by the same mechanism so mixing compiler families may not work and a non-default linker may be needed.
Unfortunately --enable-lto may be accepted but silently do nothing useful if some of the toolchain does not support LTO: this is less common than it once was.
Various macros can be set in file config. For non-system compilers or if those wrappers have not been installed one may need something like. Note that R may need to be re-compiled after even a minor update to the compiler e. LLVM has. It is said to be particularly beneficial to use -O3 for clang in conjunction with LTO. LTO effectively compiles all the source code in a package as a single compilation unit and so allows the compiler with sufficient diagnostic flags such as -Wall to check consistency between what are normally separate compilation units.
NB: as its name suggests, this option is intended only for checking installation of R and packages: it includes these library routines those called directly and all they depend on in each package.
If this has been done, two testing routes are available. This re-runs all the tests relevant to the installed R including for example the code in the package vignettes , but not for example the ones checking the example code in the manuals nor making the standalone Rmath library.
This affects both checking the package examples part of make check and package sources part of make check-devel and make check-recommended. It does require a make command which supports the make -j n option: most do. Alternatively, the installed R can be run, preferably with --vanilla. These tests can be run from anywhere: the basic tests write their results in the tests folder of the R home directory and run fewer tests than the first approach: in particular they do not test things which need Internet access—that can be tested by.
It is possible to test the installed packages but not their package-specific tests by testInstalledPackages even if make install-tests was not run. Note that the results may depend on the language set for times and messages: for maximal similarity to reference results you may want to try setting before starting the R session. Your file system must allow long file names as is likely except perhaps for some network-mounted systems. If it does not also support conversion to short name equivalents a.
DOS 8. Installation is via the installer R-devel-win. Just double-click on the icon and follow the instructions. When installing on a bit version of Windows the options will include or bit versions of R and the default is to install both. You can uninstall R from the Control Panel. You will be asked to choose a language for installation: that choice applies to both installation and un-installation but not to running R itself.
It is possible to use other toolchains including that used for R 3. The toolsets used for bit Windows from —20 were based on Mingw-w The assistance of Yu Gong at a crucial step in porting R to Mingw-w64 is gratefully acknowledged, as well as help from Kai Tietz, the lead developer of the Mingw-w64 project. Both building R and checking packages need a distribution of LaTeX installed, with the directory containing pdflatex on the path.
If a test fails, there will almost always be a. Launch either Rgui or Rterm , preferably with --vanilla. Then run. These tests can be run from anywhere: they write some of their results in the tests folder of the R home directory as given by R. Two files are offered for download, R The first runs on macOS Package R For some older versions of the OS you can in principle it is little tested install R from the sources see macOS.
Rosetta emulation works really well, with a very few reports of problems with binary packages solved by re-compilation. To install, just double-click on the icon of the file you downloaded. These are Apple Installer packages. Note the the installer is clever enough to try to upgrade the last-installed version of the application where you installed it which may not be where you want this time …. If you update your macOS version, you should re-install R and perhaps XQuartz : the installer may tailor the installation to the current version of the OS.
If you cannot find it there it was possibly installed elsewhere so try searching for it in Spotlight. This is usually referred to as R.
You can run command-line R and Rscript from a Terminal 25 so these can be typed as commands as on any other Unix-alike: see the next chapter of this manual. Those using the zsh shell the default for new user accounts as from Catalina might find the command R being masked by the zsh builtin r which recalls commands.
If you have installed both installer packages on an arm64 Mac, the last installed will be used. It has been reported that running R. APP may fail if no preferences are stored, so if it fails when launched for the very first time, try it again the first attempt will store some preferences. Users of R. Here are ways to avoid it:. Using the X11 graphics device or the Xbased versions of View and edit for data frames and matrices the latter are the default for command-line R but not R.
APP requires XQuartz to be installed. With XQuartz installed there are two fontconfig areas from different versions and it can help to set. APP and the R framework. Un-installation is as simple as removing those folders e.
The installation consists of up to four Apple packages: 26 for the Intel build, org. You can use sudo pkgutil --forget if you want the Apple Installer to forget about the package without deleting its files useful for the R framework when installing multiple R versions in parallel , or after you have deleted the files.
NB: the package names are case-sensitive and the R domain is given inconsistently. You can list the files they installed in a Terminal by e. The installer will remove any previous version 27 of the R framework which it finds installed. This can be avoided by using pkgutil --forget see the previous section. You should ensure that the shell has set adequate resource limits: R expects a stack size of at least 8MB and to be able to open at least file descriptors. For some compilers 28 and packages a larger stack size has been needed: MB has sufficed to date.
Various environment variables can be set to determine where R creates its per-session temporary directory. It is helpful to use the correct terminology. A package is loaded from a library by the function library. Changing the set of default packages is normally used to reduce the set for speed when scripting: in particular not using methods will reduce the start-up time by a factor of up to two. But it can also be used to customize R, e.
R packages are installed into libraries , which are directories in the file system containing a subdirectory for each package installed there. Both sites and users can create others and make use of them or not in an R session. Packages may be distributed in source form or compiled binary form.
Binary packages are platform-specific and generally need no special tools to install, but see the documentation for your platform for details. Note that you may need to specify implicitly or explicitly the library to which the package is to be installed. This is only an issue if you have more than one library, of course. Alternatively, packages can be downloaded and installed from within R. Then download and install packages pkg1 and pkg2 by.
The essential dependencies of the specified packages will also be fetched. Unless the library is specified argument lib the first library in the library search path is used: if this is not writable, R will ask the user in an interactive session if the default personal library should be created, and if allowed to will install the packages there.
If you want to fetch a package and all those it depends on in any way that are not already installed, use e. Function setRepositories can select amongst those repositories that the R installation is aware of. Something which sometimes puzzles users is that install.
Some possible reasons:. Naive users sometimes forget that as well as installing a package, they have to use library to make its functionality available.
What install. On Windows it looks by default first at the list of binary versions of packages available for your version of R and downloads the latest versions if any. On Windows install. Windows binary packages for R are distributed as a single binary containing either or both architectures and bit. The "ncdf" package provides an interface to netCDF format data files in the R statistical language. The interface is a high-level, object oriented one. People who are used to the low-level, procedurally oriented netCDF calls in the netCDF library itself will probably find this interface to be rather different from what they are used to -- but, I hope, better.
Neophytes who don't know anything about netCDF and don't care to know anything about netCDF -- they just want to read their data files and get to the analysis -- will almost certainly find the object oriented interface provided by this package far, far easier to use than the low-level interface.
I've noticed that the pdf manual on CRAN has some errors. Active 5 years, 5 months ago. Viewed 6k times. For example, to install ggplot2 I did : install. Rnw' 'protoref.
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